1 thought on “The brilliant jade craftsmanship of the Han Dynasty”
Bobbie
The Han Dynasty was an era of strong national strength, vast territory, and economic prosperity in the history of our country.
The inheritance of Qin Qin in academic and literary and artistic, the culture of different regions is harvested, and the new style of the era has created the world's attention that has a huge influence on the formation and development of traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, the Han Dynasty was also a time that came to the past.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the theory of the pre -Qin dongzi was valued to varying degrees. Although the Emperor Hanwu had a stage of "eliminating a hundred families and respected Confucianism", in fact, in the conceptual consciousness of the Han Dynasty, the only Confucian family, but a variety of concepts and mismatches. The ethics of Confucianism and Taoist desertions are not inconsistent.
So we see in the art of the Han Dynasty is the intercourse between the real world and the underworld and the fairy world. "(" Fa Yan · Yang Zi ") The expression of thought.
. At the same time. The improvement of the overall development level of handicraft technology in the Han Dynasty provided important conditions for the progress of jade production technology.
So in the production of jade articles in the Han Dynasty, the application of hollow skills is more common. The carving technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty is even more improving! As the Ming Dynasty Gao Yan's "Yan Xian Qing Bena" stated: "The Han people are pondering, the wonderful is in the double hook, the ruling method turns the flow, and the detailed autumn is not uniform. Trace. "With the development of modern archeological excavations, a considerable number of Han Dynasty jade articles have been unearthed. This provides valuable physical materials for the research of the Han Dynasty culture and the appreciation of the jade art art.
It has been one of the most important uses of jade articles since Qin Qin. According to the "Zhou Li" records, the jade ceremonies in the pre -Qin era mainly include six types of jade, 琮, Gui, 璋, Hu, and 璜. However, in the Western Han Dynasty, the types of jade ceremonies changed; of the six original jade gifts, except the two types of Guiheyu were still used for etiquette activities, the remaining four were no longer used as rituals. No more production.
The use of jade jade at that time was also divided into two types. One was the jade jade used by the emperor for sacrifice. The decoration of this type of jade was relatively simple. Pu patterns, valley patterns, and vortex patterns are also decorated with dragon and phoenix patterns (Figure 5-1); the function of another type of jade has changed, mainly used for wearing, which is one of the groups of jade. This is The production of Yucai is very particular about decorative gorgeous and mostly used carving techniques. In the goodness of jade (the holes in the middle of the jade, "good"), the phenomenon that is decorated with carving and attached to the carvedness is more than the Warring States Period. It is universal and rich, so that the shape of the jade is colorful. This is already a category of decorative jade.
The jade articles have always been the most rich category in jade art, the most diverse shapes and decorations, as well as the decoration of the Han Dynasty. Especially for the jade articles used for pendants, the Han Dynasty developed its own characteristics on the basis of inheriting the pre -Qin style. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Pei Yugu pays more attention to combinations. From the situation of archeological unearthed, some Peiyu combinations have a large number of combinations, which is the continuation of the pre -Qin style. After the middle of the Baixi Han Dynasty, the jade pendant of the group gradually decreased, and the form of the combination became simplified. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, Pei Yu's variety was left.
The varieties of Pengyu in the Han Dynasty mainly include all kinds of jade, jade, jade, jade pearl, jade, jade ring, jade tube, jade, etc. Especially in the artistic style, the Han Dynasty jade Pei has reached a high level (Figure 5-2 ～ 5). For example, in 1983, a "dragon and phoenix penetrated carving jade" unearthed from the tomb of the King of Nanyue, Guangzhou (Figure 5-6), in the middle of the good interior, a dragon pattern, and the "S" structure full of tension creates a good look. The image of the chest, the stable and powerful dragon. It is not difficult to see that the operation position and composition of the limbs and tails of the dragon are not based on the actual objects, but also the condition for the circular frame. Therefore, in front of us Proper, powerful artwork. Such works can be seen in many categories of art in the Han Dynasty, such as the Waidang decoration of the Han Dynasty, lacquerware decoration, etc.
In in a sense, it can be said that it has established a model for the decorative arts of later generations. The work of the name must be impeccable, and the Han Dynasty artists did have done it on the spot. The interior of this jade is connected to the pendant of the valley, and the arrangement rules are orderly. In contrast to the dynamic central dragon pattern, the main and secondary are clear: the two sides are decorated with a penetrating carved phoenix pattern, and the symmetry layout. Looking back at the flexion body work Climbing. The interior of the dragon and phoenix is engraved with a yin line, which is simple and clear, and there is no extra decoration. The whole work highlights the rough and bold era of the Han Dynasty. Jade like this is no longer a etiquette in the traditional sense, but as an important part of a group of jade pendants. From the perspective of the arrangement at the time of unearthed, there are 32 different materials such as jade, jade, jade, and pearls, including the jade pendant decorations that are combined with it, forming a group of pendants of about 600 cm in length. (Figure 5-7, 8).
The "jade rhino-shaped" (Figure 5-9) in the jade pendant of this group is also unprecedented in the previous generation. The visual effects, the front and rear limbs are squatting, and the posture of the front of the limbs can just show the characteristics of the rhinoceros and powerful. Dragon and phoenix patterns can be described as the same work. It can be seen that the designer was completely carried out on the basis of grasping the structure of the animal when decorating the body, so it will produce the powerful effect of the arc that is plump and tightly linked without floating. From the perspective of form composition, the key to the reason why these works can give people full of visual experience is that the full contour arc is combined with the harmonious tone of the arcs of various sizes and different lengths. This kind of artistic expression that made future generations admired, seemed to be a skillful ability for the artists at the time.
The most fine craftsmanship in Peiyuzhong in the Han Dynasty is the jade ring. Yuhuan was an important part of the jade pendant at that time. The carving of the carved technology was superb, and the artistic design processing was unique in other dynasties. In the tomb of Xianggang, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, a number of exquisite craftsmanship and unique artistic style of the jade ring were unearthed. It is very free and integrated with each other, interspersed with each other, and interspersed with each other. Another "Dragon Tattoo Jade Ring" unearthed from the same tomb (Figure 5-11) combines the dragon and the rolling cloud pattern into a ring. The form of rolling clouds. Although the diameter of the whole jade is only 7.4 cm, it shows the magnificent momentum and handy formal processing skills.
The "double dragon joint body" unearthed from the tomb of the king of the Western Han Dynasty is also a masterpiece with novel forms and exquisite craftsmanship. The jade is yellow and white, the shape is oval, and the first ring human circle of Shuanglong is visually visually; the medium question has a tree -shaped decoration, the upper carved animal face decoration; The whole utensils contain an extraordinary spirit in the regularity, which is the characteristics of the times coexisting in the art of the Han Dynasty. (Figure 5-12, 13)
although the jade dance theme of the jade dance people has appeared as early as the Warring States Period, the number is very small, but the jade pei of the Han Dynasty dance characters is very popular and very high. The level of art. The art of music and dance in the Han Dynasty is very developed. It not only has a special music management agency, but also a popular song and dance as an art activity. Even the emperor's concubine Ai Ji often can sing and dance, which is recorded in the literature. For example, "Xijing Miscellaneous" says that Mrs. Ji Qi Qi Qi Qi Qi Qi, "Good is good for the dance of the sleeves, and the song is commented and returned to the song"; ", Emperor Zhao's Queen" Learn Song and Dance, No. Riyan "and so on. Under such a cultural atmosphere, it is natural to use song and dance as the theme of artistic creation. From the perspective of the unearthed jade dancers, the characteristics of the styling are consistent with the description of the literature. It can be seen that these jade dancers are refined from reality. Most of the "jade dancers" in the Han Dynasty were one of the groups of Pei Jade, and their forms were mostly graphic penetrating carving. The facial features and clothes patterns are carved with a yin line, and there are embossed forms and even made into round carvings.
The "Jade Dance Man" (Figure 5-14) was unearthed in the Han Tomb of Yongcheng County, Henan Province in 1986. The jade is milky white, double-sided through carving, and engraved with the yin line. Following facial expression and clothing structure. The beautiful dancer in the gesture is wearing a long -sleeved dress with a long -sleeved dress, a sleeve raised high on the top of her head, the other sleeve drooped, placed around her waist, and the long skirt was swaying. Through the slightly twisting treatment of the dancer's neck and waist, the light and elegant woman vividly portrayed the light and elegant woman. "Is the true portrayal of the attitude?
In a pair of" Jade Dance Man "(Figure 5-15) unearthed in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province in 1983. Its dynamic design and jade dance introduced above People are consistent, raised their heads over their heads, long sleeves drooping; the other hand drooping for a fork waist, however, we see that the movement of this fork waist is imagery, because the jade worker designed the entire arm as a reversely reverse armor as a reverse. The rolled decoration, which makes the dancer's soft figure add a bit of elegance.
The image design of the jade dancers of the Han Dynasty. Although the dancers have a difference between standing and squatting, they raised their heads over their heads, but it was a common feature to place them in the waist. For example, the "Jade Dance Man" unearthed in the tomb of the King of Nanyue (Figure 5-16), the body twisted the "S" shape, the sleeves of the raised and the other sleeve in front of the abdomen fluttered, and strengthened Dancer's sense of movement. Another "Jade Danceman" unearthed in the same tomb is a form of round carving. His knees kneeling and dancing with long sleeves. It is also a gaming attitude of holding up his head. This round carved jade dancer is quite rare in the Han Dynasty. (Figure 5-17)
The social atmosphere of funeral is another embodiment of the conceptual consciousness of the Han Dynasty. Jade articles play an important role in funeral, and the jade in the funeral is except part of the things used by the deceased. Another part is specially used for funeral. This was very related to the thought of Changsheng at the time. Taoism believes that jade is "the essence of heaven and earth" and is "pure of yang essence." There is also a saying in "Zhou Li · Daorui".
The funeral jade in the Han Dynasty mainly includes jade, jade Jiuqiao, jade, jade grip, and jade face decoration. Yuxi is a supreme dress of the emperor and nobles of the Han Dynasty. It is compiled by gold and silver silk and other materials. Jiuqiaozai is a jade that is used to block the corpse Jiuqiao. In order to prevent the decay of the corpse, Ge Hong's "Pu Puzi" contains: "Jinyu Jiuqiao, then the dead is immortal." The jade is the jade in the mouth of the deceased. Basically, it is made into a cicada shape. Its system is usually about two inches. For example, the "jade cicada" (Figure 5-18) unearthed in Jiangsu 盱眙 in 1974 was made of sheep fat and white jade, and the jade was warm and bright. The shape is simple but quite realistic. As a decorative mother, cicada has been seen as early as the bronze wares of the three generations. The Han Dynasty used this as a rigidity of the growth of its unique growth. The metaphor of "reincarnation" and "regeneration", so cicadas have become a mascot. The jade wares held in the hands of the deceased, many of them were carved into slender pig shapes, and the jade face decorations were covered with jade. Some jade slices were also made into a certain shape shape, but Generally less ornaments or no decorations.
The number of jade products as daily uses is relatively small, which may be related to the characteristics of jade material. The daily jade articles in the Han Dynasty mainly include cups, boxes, pillows, seals, hooks and jade drip. From the perspective of archeological excavations in recent years, there are many wonderful works for daily use of jade. For example, in 1983, the "Jade Horn Cup" unearthed from the Tomb of the King of Nanyue in Guangzhou (Figure 5-19), the cup body was shaped, and the bottom of the bottom was wrapped back to the lower part of the body, which made the shape that may seem monotonous. The change of changes can be described as ingenious creativity. The outside of the device is decorated with a shallow relief dragon, turning around the cup, and on the outer wall, it is carved with vortex with lines, so that the whole device is carved with round carvings, reliefs and lines.
The "high-foot jade cup" (Figure 5-20) was unearthed with the same tomb, and there are supporting appliances such as copper-made and brackets. The jade cup is a cylindrical shape, consisting of the cup body and the cup foot; there are two sets of cloud patterns on the top of the upper part of the cup, the middle part is decorated with valley patterns, and five groups of petal patterns are decorated on the lower part: Pet petal pattern. The cup connected to the copper plate is a petals -shaped jade piece, and the three golden -headed and silver dragons are connected to the copper plate. This is not only a jade crafts, but also reflects the talented design of the designer of the Han Dynasty. It also contains the design concepts and ideals at the time. of.
M multi -piece hooks unearthed from the tomb of the king of Guangzhou in Guangzhou were also important daily utensils at the time. There are two types of pure jade -based and jade -based jade -based jade. Common hooks are mostly designed with dragons as their mother, and some are very simple and elegant. Fan Yan, well -produced craftsmanship. "Golden Hook Yulong Belt Hook" (Figure 5-21) is composed of through the carved jade dragon and golden hook. The form of Yulong is "S". At the tail of the dragon, the connection part of the dragon phase is designed as a tiger -headed shape, like a tiger's dragon, and the expression of the frightening dragon exactly exactly the relationship between the tiger. Essence The dragon and the tiger are composed of the hook. The jade is blue and white with dark brown spotting. The whole hook is composed of eight sections, the head of the hook is a dragon shape, the hook tail is tiger -shaped, and the whole utensil decoration is relatively gorgeous. It is a rare jade band hook art.
The number of arts that are purely appreciated in the jade of the Han Dynasty is not large, but it reflects high artistic and technical production level. Several Western Han jade carvings unearthed near the Emperor Han and Yuan Dynasties are representative works. Among them, works such as jade eagle, jade bears, jade, and jade fairy are not only made of precious Hetian jade, but also beautiful and vivid shapes. The carving is fine. "Jade Fairy Running Horse" (Figure 5-22), a immortal rides in a Pentium God. In traditional Chinese styling art, it is often represented by feathers or animals. See. The immortals and gods here are immediately added with wings. The author is still running a cloud board that symbolizes the heavens under the hoof of the horse. The imagination space, which is also the charm of the art of the Han Dynasty.
A many jade carving works were unearthed in the same tomb. The design and production were very vivid and interesting, such as "Jade Bear" (Figure 5-23). Expressing the characteristics of a slow and stubborn bear. Another example is "Yupi Evil" (Figure 5-24) is also an exquisite artwork unearthed from the tomb. It is green and white with natural purple and red spots. The shape is extremely vivid. San, open mouth, as if quietly approaching the prey, the portrayal of his expression is really wonderful. There is a corner of the head and a feather wings on the back. Both are symbols symbolizing an extraordinary spiritual material. This is common in the works of the theme of Xiandao in the Han Dynasty.
It, there is a type of jade in the Han Dynasty jade. . To be precise, the special evil spirits of the Han Dynasty found in the Han Dynasty were "Yugang". The so -called rigidity refers to a kind of amulet made of the day of the first month. It is made of long square columns, which is made of jade, gold or peach nucleus and other materials. It is engraved with inscriptions on all sides, and there is a penetrating hole for wearing.
It as a whole of art, jade is just a small branch on the art tree of the Han Dynasty, but it can reflect the basic style of the art of the Han Dynasty from a angle, convey the thoughts of the Han Dynasty The concept opened the door to the profound Han culture for future generations.
The Han Dynasty was an era of strong national strength, vast territory, and economic prosperity in the history of our country.
The inheritance of Qin Qin in academic and literary and artistic, the culture of different regions is harvested, and the new style of the era has created the world's attention that has a huge influence on the formation and development of traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, the Han Dynasty was also a time that came to the past.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the theory of the pre -Qin dongzi was valued to varying degrees. Although the Emperor Hanwu had a stage of "eliminating a hundred families and respected Confucianism", in fact, in the conceptual consciousness of the Han Dynasty, the only Confucian family, but a variety of concepts and mismatches. The ethics of Confucianism and Taoist desertions are not inconsistent.
So we see in the art of the Han Dynasty is the intercourse between the real world and the underworld and the fairy world. "(" Fa Yan · Yang Zi ") The expression of thought.
. At the same time. The improvement of the overall development level of handicraft technology in the Han Dynasty provided important conditions for the progress of jade production technology.
So in the production of jade articles in the Han Dynasty, the application of hollow skills is more common. The carving technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty is even more improving! As the Ming Dynasty Gao Yan's "Yan Xian Qing Bena" stated: "The Han people are pondering, the wonderful is in the double hook, the ruling method turns the flow, and the detailed autumn is not uniform. Trace. "With the development of modern archeological excavations, a considerable number of Han Dynasty jade articles have been unearthed. This provides valuable physical materials for the research of the Han Dynasty culture and the appreciation of the jade art art.
It has been one of the most important uses of jade articles since Qin Qin. According to the "Zhou Li" records, the jade ceremonies in the pre -Qin era mainly include six types of jade, 琮, Gui, 璋, Hu, and 璜. However, in the Western Han Dynasty, the types of jade ceremonies changed; of the six original jade gifts, except the two types of Guiheyu were still used for etiquette activities, the remaining four were no longer used as rituals. No more production.
The use of jade jade at that time was also divided into two types. One was the jade jade used by the emperor for sacrifice. The decoration of this type of jade was relatively simple. Pu patterns, valley patterns, and vortex patterns are also decorated with dragon and phoenix patterns (Figure 5-1); the function of another type of jade has changed, mainly used for wearing, which is one of the groups of jade. This is The production of Yucai is very particular about decorative gorgeous and mostly used carving techniques. In the goodness of jade (the holes in the middle of the jade, "good"), the phenomenon that is decorated with carving and attached to the carvedness is more than the Warring States Period. It is universal and rich, so that the shape of the jade is colorful. This is already a category of decorative jade.
The jade articles have always been the most rich category in jade art, the most diverse shapes and decorations, as well as the decoration of the Han Dynasty. Especially for the jade articles used for pendants, the Han Dynasty developed its own characteristics on the basis of inheriting the pre -Qin style. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Pei Yugu pays more attention to combinations. From the situation of archeological unearthed, some Peiyu combinations have a large number of combinations, which is the continuation of the pre -Qin style. After the middle of the Baixi Han Dynasty, the jade pendant of the group gradually decreased, and the form of the combination became simplified. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, Pei Yu's variety was left.
The varieties of Pengyu in the Han Dynasty mainly include all kinds of jade, jade, jade, jade pearl, jade, jade ring, jade tube, jade, etc. Especially in the artistic style, the Han Dynasty jade Pei has reached a high level (Figure 5-2 ～ 5). For example, in 1983, a "dragon and phoenix penetrated carving jade" unearthed from the tomb of the King of Nanyue, Guangzhou (Figure 5-6), in the middle of the good interior, a dragon pattern, and the "S" structure full of tension creates a good look. The image of the chest, the stable and powerful dragon. It is not difficult to see that the operation position and composition of the limbs and tails of the dragon are not based on the actual objects, but also the condition for the circular frame. Therefore, in front of us Proper, powerful artwork. Such works can be seen in many categories of art in the Han Dynasty, such as the Waidang decoration of the Han Dynasty, lacquerware decoration, etc.
In in a sense, it can be said that it has established a model for the decorative arts of later generations. The work of the name must be impeccable, and the Han Dynasty artists did have done it on the spot. The interior of this jade is connected to the pendant of the valley, and the arrangement rules are orderly. In contrast to the dynamic central dragon pattern, the main and secondary are clear: the two sides are decorated with a penetrating carved phoenix pattern, and the symmetry layout. Looking back at the flexion body work Climbing. The interior of the dragon and phoenix is engraved with a yin line, which is simple and clear, and there is no extra decoration. The whole work highlights the rough and bold era of the Han Dynasty. Jade like this is no longer a etiquette in the traditional sense, but as an important part of a group of jade pendants. From the perspective of the arrangement at the time of unearthed, there are 32 different materials such as jade, jade, jade, and pearls, including the jade pendant decorations that are combined with it, forming a group of pendants of about 600 cm in length. (Figure 5-7, 8).
The "jade rhino-shaped" (Figure 5-9) in the jade pendant of this group is also unprecedented in the previous generation. The visual effects, the front and rear limbs are squatting, and the posture of the front of the limbs can just show the characteristics of the rhinoceros and powerful. Dragon and phoenix patterns can be described as the same work. It can be seen that the designer was completely carried out on the basis of grasping the structure of the animal when decorating the body, so it will produce the powerful effect of the arc that is plump and tightly linked without floating. From the perspective of form composition, the key to the reason why these works can give people full of visual experience is that the full contour arc is combined with the harmonious tone of the arcs of various sizes and different lengths. This kind of artistic expression that made future generations admired, seemed to be a skillful ability for the artists at the time.
The most fine craftsmanship in Peiyuzhong in the Han Dynasty is the jade ring. Yuhuan was an important part of the jade pendant at that time. The carving of the carved technology was superb, and the artistic design processing was unique in other dynasties. In the tomb of Xianggang, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, a number of exquisite craftsmanship and unique artistic style of the jade ring were unearthed. It is very free and integrated with each other, interspersed with each other, and interspersed with each other. Another "Dragon Tattoo Jade Ring" unearthed from the same tomb (Figure 5-11) combines the dragon and the rolling cloud pattern into a ring. The form of rolling clouds. Although the diameter of the whole jade is only 7.4 cm, it shows the magnificent momentum and handy formal processing skills.
The "double dragon joint body" unearthed from the tomb of the king of the Western Han Dynasty is also a masterpiece with novel forms and exquisite craftsmanship. The jade is yellow and white, the shape is oval, and the first ring human circle of Shuanglong is visually visually; the medium question has a tree -shaped decoration, the upper carved animal face decoration; The whole utensils contain an extraordinary spirit in the regularity, which is the characteristics of the times coexisting in the art of the Han Dynasty. (Figure 5-12, 13)
although the jade dance theme of the jade dance people has appeared as early as the Warring States Period, the number is very small, but the jade pei of the Han Dynasty dance characters is very popular and very high. The level of art. The art of music and dance in the Han Dynasty is very developed. It not only has a special music management agency, but also a popular song and dance as an art activity. Even the emperor's concubine Ai Ji often can sing and dance, which is recorded in the literature. For example, "Xijing Miscellaneous" says that Mrs. Ji Qi Qi Qi Qi Qi Qi, "Good is good for the dance of the sleeves, and the song is commented and returned to the song"; ", Emperor Zhao's Queen" Learn Song and Dance, No. Riyan "and so on. Under such a cultural atmosphere, it is natural to use song and dance as the theme of artistic creation. From the perspective of the unearthed jade dancers, the characteristics of the styling are consistent with the description of the literature. It can be seen that these jade dancers are refined from reality. Most of the "jade dancers" in the Han Dynasty were one of the groups of Pei Jade, and their forms were mostly graphic penetrating carving. The facial features and clothes patterns are carved with a yin line, and there are embossed forms and even made into round carvings.
The "Jade Dance Man" (Figure 5-14) was unearthed in the Han Tomb of Yongcheng County, Henan Province in 1986. The jade is milky white, double-sided through carving, and engraved with the yin line. Following facial expression and clothing structure. The beautiful dancer in the gesture is wearing a long -sleeved dress with a long -sleeved dress, a sleeve raised high on the top of her head, the other sleeve drooped, placed around her waist, and the long skirt was swaying. Through the slightly twisting treatment of the dancer's neck and waist, the light and elegant woman vividly portrayed the light and elegant woman. "Is the true portrayal of the attitude?
In a pair of" Jade Dance Man "(Figure 5-15) unearthed in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province in 1983. Its dynamic design and jade dance introduced above People are consistent, raised their heads over their heads, long sleeves drooping; the other hand drooping for a fork waist, however, we see that the movement of this fork waist is imagery, because the jade worker designed the entire arm as a reversely reverse armor as a reverse. The rolled decoration, which makes the dancer's soft figure add a bit of elegance.
The image design of the jade dancers of the Han Dynasty. Although the dancers have a difference between standing and squatting, they raised their heads over their heads, but it was a common feature to place them in the waist. For example, the "Jade Dance Man" unearthed in the tomb of the King of Nanyue (Figure 5-16), the body twisted the "S" shape, the sleeves of the raised and the other sleeve in front of the abdomen fluttered, and strengthened Dancer's sense of movement. Another "Jade Danceman" unearthed in the same tomb is a form of round carving. His knees kneeling and dancing with long sleeves. It is also a gaming attitude of holding up his head. This round carved jade dancer is quite rare in the Han Dynasty. (Figure 5-17)
The social atmosphere of funeral is another embodiment of the conceptual consciousness of the Han Dynasty. Jade articles play an important role in funeral, and the jade in the funeral is except part of the things used by the deceased. Another part is specially used for funeral. This was very related to the thought of Changsheng at the time. Taoism believes that jade is "the essence of heaven and earth" and is "pure of yang essence." There is also a saying in "Zhou Li · Daorui".
The funeral jade in the Han Dynasty mainly includes jade, jade Jiuqiao, jade, jade grip, and jade face decoration. Yuxi is a supreme dress of the emperor and nobles of the Han Dynasty. It is compiled by gold and silver silk and other materials. Jiuqiaozai is a jade that is used to block the corpse Jiuqiao. In order to prevent the decay of the corpse, Ge Hong's "Pu Puzi" contains: "Jinyu Jiuqiao, then the dead is immortal." The jade is the jade in the mouth of the deceased. Basically, it is made into a cicada shape. Its system is usually about two inches. For example, the "jade cicada" (Figure 5-18) unearthed in Jiangsu 盱眙 in 1974 was made of sheep fat and white jade, and the jade was warm and bright. The shape is simple but quite realistic. As a decorative mother, cicada has been seen as early as the bronze wares of the three generations. The Han Dynasty used this as a rigidity of the growth of its unique growth. The metaphor of "reincarnation" and "regeneration", so cicadas have become a mascot. The jade wares held in the hands of the deceased, many of them were carved into slender pig shapes, and the jade face decorations were covered with jade. Some jade slices were also made into a certain shape shape, but Generally less ornaments or no decorations.
The number of jade products as daily uses is relatively small, which may be related to the characteristics of jade material. The daily jade articles in the Han Dynasty mainly include cups, boxes, pillows, seals, hooks and jade drip. From the perspective of archeological excavations in recent years, there are many wonderful works for daily use of jade. For example, in 1983, the "Jade Horn Cup" unearthed from the Tomb of the King of Nanyue in Guangzhou (Figure 5-19), the cup body was shaped, and the bottom of the bottom was wrapped back to the lower part of the body, which made the shape that may seem monotonous. The change of changes can be described as ingenious creativity. The outside of the device is decorated with a shallow relief dragon, turning around the cup, and on the outer wall, it is carved with vortex with lines, so that the whole device is carved with round carvings, reliefs and lines.
The "high-foot jade cup" (Figure 5-20) was unearthed with the same tomb, and there are supporting appliances such as copper-made and brackets. The jade cup is a cylindrical shape, consisting of the cup body and the cup foot; there are two sets of cloud patterns on the top of the upper part of the cup, the middle part is decorated with valley patterns, and five groups of petal patterns are decorated on the lower part: Pet petal pattern. The cup connected to the copper plate is a petals -shaped jade piece, and the three golden -headed and silver dragons are connected to the copper plate. This is not only a jade crafts, but also reflects the talented design of the designer of the Han Dynasty. It also contains the design concepts and ideals at the time. of.
M multi -piece hooks unearthed from the tomb of the king of Guangzhou in Guangzhou were also important daily utensils at the time. There are two types of pure jade -based and jade -based jade -based jade. Common hooks are mostly designed with dragons as their mother, and some are very simple and elegant. Fan Yan, well -produced craftsmanship. "Golden Hook Yulong Belt Hook" (Figure 5-21) is composed of through the carved jade dragon and golden hook. The form of Yulong is "S". At the tail of the dragon, the connection part of the dragon phase is designed as a tiger -headed shape, like a tiger's dragon, and the expression of the frightening dragon exactly exactly the relationship between the tiger. Essence The dragon and the tiger are composed of the hook. The jade is blue and white with dark brown spotting. The whole hook is composed of eight sections, the head of the hook is a dragon shape, the hook tail is tiger -shaped, and the whole utensil decoration is relatively gorgeous. It is a rare jade band hook art.
The number of arts that are purely appreciated in the jade of the Han Dynasty is not large, but it reflects high artistic and technical production level. Several Western Han jade carvings unearthed near the Emperor Han and Yuan Dynasties are representative works. Among them, works such as jade eagle, jade bears, jade, and jade fairy are not only made of precious Hetian jade, but also beautiful and vivid shapes. The carving is fine. "Jade Fairy Running Horse" (Figure 5-22), a immortal rides in a Pentium God. In traditional Chinese styling art, it is often represented by feathers or animals. See. The immortals and gods here are immediately added with wings. The author is still running a cloud board that symbolizes the heavens under the hoof of the horse. The imagination space, which is also the charm of the art of the Han Dynasty.
A many jade carving works were unearthed in the same tomb. The design and production were very vivid and interesting, such as "Jade Bear" (Figure 5-23). Expressing the characteristics of a slow and stubborn bear. Another example is "Yupi Evil" (Figure 5-24) is also an exquisite artwork unearthed from the tomb. It is green and white with natural purple and red spots. The shape is extremely vivid. San, open mouth, as if quietly approaching the prey, the portrayal of his expression is really wonderful. There is a corner of the head and a feather wings on the back. Both are symbols symbolizing an extraordinary spiritual material. This is common in the works of the theme of Xiandao in the Han Dynasty.
It, there is a type of jade in the Han Dynasty jade. . To be precise, the special evil spirits of the Han Dynasty found in the Han Dynasty were "Yugang". The so -called rigidity refers to a kind of amulet made of the day of the first month. It is made of long square columns, which is made of jade, gold or peach nucleus and other materials. It is engraved with inscriptions on all sides, and there is a penetrating hole for wearing.
It as a whole of art, jade is just a small branch on the art tree of the Han Dynasty, but it can reflect the basic style of the art of the Han Dynasty from a angle, convey the thoughts of the Han Dynasty The concept opened the door to the profound Han culture for future generations.
——— Nanyang-Gu Yiyue organizes